Juliet soup cereal bowl

Bone china

Bone china is a kind of porcelain body initially developed in England in which calcined ox bone, bone ash, is an essential ingredient. It is differentiated by extremely high whiteness, translucency and strength. juliet soup/cereal bowl may be an example of this procedure.

The initial use of bone ash in ceramics is assigned to Thomas Frye in the mid eighteenth century in which he used it to make a type of soft-paste porcelain. In At the close of the eighteenth century, Josiah Spode undertook further developments, and duly popularized it, by mixing it with China stone, kaolin and china clay to compete with the imported Oriental porcelain.

The original elemental recipe of four parts china stone, six parts bone ash, and three and a half parts china clay still remains the standard English body.

The production of bone china generally involves a two stage firing process where the first "biscuit" is fired without a glaze at 1280°C (2336°F) giving a semiopaque product and then it is glaze, or glost, fired at a lower heat under 1080°C (1976°F). juliet soup/cereal bowl is probably produced using this approach.

Soft-paste porcelain

Soft-paste porcelain is a kind of porcelain and consequently a ceramic product.

Its history dates from the first experiments by European potters to replicate Chinese porcelain by employing compounds of china clay and ground-up glass (aka frit); soapstone and lime were known to have also been employed in some mixtures. As these early compositions suffered from high pyroplastic collapse, or slumping in the kiln at raised temperature, it was uneconomical to produce them. Concoctions were later used based on nepheline syenite, feldspars, kaolin, quartz and other feldspathic rocks. These were technically superior and continue in production to the present day.

Hard-paste porcelain

Hard-paste porcelain is a hard, dense ceramic that was first manufactured from a composition of the feldspathic rock petuntse and kaolin fired at extremely high temperature. It was first made in China in about the ninth century.

The secret of its manufacture was unknown in Europe until the early seventeen hundreds, when Böttger of Meissen, Germany found the formula. Despite attempts to keep it secret, the process was used by other German ceramic potteries and eventually became well used throughout the length and breadth of Europe.

Hard-paste porcelain is fired at a range of temperatures to create many individual end results. Depending on the firing process, hard-paste porcelain can be manufactured to resemble stoneware or earthenware. Mainly however, it is unnecessary to use hard-paste porcelain for such lower temperature ceramics. Hard-paste porcelain can be utilized to manufacture porcelain bisque, a hard crystalline material fired at very high temperatures in a pressure controlled environment. This technique gives birth to a translucid bright white ceramic. Unlike other bisque ceramics, porcelain bisque is almost inpenetrable by water, making it unnecessary to glaze the body before decorating. Manufacturers such as Hummel, Lladro and Precious Moments employ hard-paste porcelain just for this reason, this could include juliet soup/cereal bowl.