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Bone china

Bone china is a type of porcelain body initially produced in the United Kingdom in which calcined ox bone, bone ash, is a major part. It is distinguish by brilliant whiteness, translucency and strength. beatrix potter mr benjamin bunny may be an example of this process.

The initial use of bone ash in ceramics is assigned to Thomas Frye in the mid eighteenth century in which he used it to develop a kind of soft-paste porcelain. In As the eighteenth century drew to a close, Josiah Spode continued with further developments, and consequently popularized it, by combining it with kaolin, china clay and China stone to compete with the imported Oriental porcelain.

The initial basic recipe of six parts bone ash, three and a half parts china clay, and four parts china stone is still the standard English body.

The manufacture of bone china customarily involves a two stage firing process where the first "biscuit" is fired without a glaze at 1280°C (2336°F) giving a semiopaque product and then it is glost, or glaze, fired at a lower heat below 1080°C (1976°F). beatrix potter mr benjamin bunny is probably manufactured using this method.

Soft-paste porcelain

Soft-paste porcelain is a type of porcelain and therefore a ceramic product.

Its history dates from the initial attempts by potters from Europe to replicate Chinese porcelain by using compositions of china clay and ground-up glass or frit; soapstone and lime were known to have also been employed in some mixtures. As these early combinations were prone to high pyroplastic collapse, or slumping in the oven at raised temperature, they were not economical to manufacture. Compounds were later used based on feldspars, quartz, nepheline syenite, kaolin and other feldspathic rocks. These were technically superior and are still in production to the present day.

Hard-paste porcelain

Hard-paste porcelain is a hard, dense ceramic that was originally made from a composition of the feldspathic rock petuntse and kaolin fired at very high temperature. It was first produced in China around the ninth century.

The secret of its manufacture was not known in Europe until 1709, when Böttger of Meissen, Germany discovered the formula. Despite attempts to keep it secret, the procedure was employed by other German ceramic factories and finally became used throughout Europe.

Hard-paste porcelain is known to be fired at a range of temperatures to make many different end results. Depending on the firing technique, hard-paste porcelain can be manufactured to resemble stoneware or earthenware. But mainly, it is unnecessary to employ hard-paste porcelain for these lower temperature ceramics. Hard-paste porcelain can be employed to create porcelain bisque, a hard crystalline material fired at extremely high temperatures in a pressure controlled environment. This approach produces a translucid bright white ceramic. Unlike other bisque ceramics, porcelain bisque is almost inpenetrable by water, making it unnecessary to glaze the body before painting. Manufacturers such as Lladro, Hummel and Precious Moments use hard-paste porcelain simply for this reason, this could include beatrix potter mr benjamin bunny.